漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

}3 _& l* R$ o) Q7 G9 T5 amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 8 w5 b8 S# Y4 r3 x9 W( P/ z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, % f+ J$ D8 L2 `2 ~) l$ V" {. D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 N% B0 Q1 a/ l _2 x, _4 G D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,: Q" i. x1 B5 k3 Z& N6 U' }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / h5 g* \* W2 g6 @7 D4 M"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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2 y k. [+ q' Q2 I- Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 7 @& W1 G1 }% S1 n! D$ A; X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, : j! K! }2 w6 s# M0 X* m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ; p, \6 ~& W: T6 Q/ l# {% x5 H" d, e/ i4 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ) A$ L$ _, R& Y) L7 R1 ^0 e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 9 N2 f1 U( S+ Z3 ~4 Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 k4 u) c( I5 b, [/ {% L"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ! Z+ t ~" m- F* _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, $ H3 A. \; a2 J' S# k* G6 e0 S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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$ o3 y4 b+ j [* x* B) O) T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 2 e; r& d5 Z' m3 }4 N$ [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % t5 V1 L' H& _1 }) r"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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: x! O) v8 L. y7 Z5 U/ P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, $ k2 p5 I& M( Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ : L% w0 C# ?$ D% X. i: e. k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” $ i7 m P6 i: v6 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 0 F8 E1 {) {' K3 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ; L/ Q1 U$ J) }- q7 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, & g/ C9 r( F; |- O/ Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 2 P* a E7 I% i$ Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, * M( ?! S7 E% A* L5 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 4 }" f+ c2 A) a) G+ H$ ?! O5 b. y9 H1 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 v7 I: Y" f) k% R5 d9 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, " r7 d3 p5 E( r9 t6 K2 S4 X( xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 c! v5 l9 m( B2 M) D"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 2 R; m! z; Y0 r' d7 I* { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: " n+ Q$ x4 e$ K4 G" L/ B/ n1 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; y4 w5 S5 g* d3 l9 @"Times New Roman"">“ ; E) k1 H% M; o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 2 e; u- @% F; a6 V: |! O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 7 A: I( I2 \9 T3 D' [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 6 Q' b% @5 c' x7 n7 o. E5 j) E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 T/ F: _9 ]# u1 v"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ; ?' Z9 q) Y' Y- v. l! O- m4 I- F9 A+ x4 C' Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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1 K4 G! A" f% m( O4 D* p, J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ) N' R3 R9 A# F- t" e6 t+ ^ O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " o+ f' _5 |. x: b% p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' S. G6 e* y6 M9 a6 C+ @5 E"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, . {8 t% K% s, `: A y; A; a- s9 ?% N7 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, " ?$ V# O6 J4 o& l4 U1 l, tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, y$ l, G0 q2 A9 H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 $ U4 e! }9 n# W) J6 q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里9 l% ~6 Q) |4 }) }- A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 4 V: m A* v# }/ A4 |- \/ E6 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(1 o( k4 W& j$ h: X! s' l/ Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ; r$ w6 H; N9 @. ~* ^, T: zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % s& x+ R0 z' R6 M1 X"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用2 W, L$ i) ]8 L9 G( w12.0pt">, : f+ `, x. r1 V; ~. ]* Q4 |2 T"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 0 W) W1 [$ O: D7 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 J1 m$ J& i( Q; l q$ ^"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 5 v x* f1 J' u6 T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!( D9 n3 Q8 r+ e5 D5 Z9 e5 n5 W; w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, . e+ g( W' W; j1 u& P9 G$ l- E* Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 `: f m- ^! W. o1 p7 S"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: . D8 Q3 R5 l1 X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ) G( V5 [; M$ O! p2 b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, $ L' X3 B& W% E6 C; T' U% ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ / m. g+ |8 W8 `5 D7 Z3 @: i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”" n6 s* C1 V4 {! O/ P12.0pt"> ; O) k3 {, S# l9 r4 S3 n% F"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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: O1 H. c, H) Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, & \, U8 [. D( L g: e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 0 s1 Z* }; |; P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, . J' j9 q2 R+ ]5 h, C& r# r" K6 b8 N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ( i" C( t/ R% E% e) P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, Z% o. L- h, u1 z$ ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 l; h" H3 V" M \"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 1 }4 ]; ^# k$ v+ q) R' H- Z* p, T/ vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” . w/ s0 v+ j, w7 \" @# \- l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

% J5 X; y2 D. w, O0 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 6 b1 |% J- P' O- x5 J2 {* Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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$ m1 _7 B. x/ F! G; g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ! N# S9 X- u/ t9 c5 l8 L* D6 C4 c4 ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, . x+ w3 i! q3 F1 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, * u, C% F1 Y8 ^. [( I# C; B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, . T, o4 @$ V) E7 C. w" Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ y8 H3 y4 {" Y! q2 ~$ n"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,6 M3 c" G* k/ P3 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 6 X9 f- K5 j+ `( Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题% P. \7 h* z3 n" ?8 V3 ^& Y 12.0pt">: 3 \8 V& D4 c H, v/ j; v "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: $ z9 Z$ z! U& O) tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才7 }7 s3 V* |1 K- v! U. \ 12.0pt">, 6 J7 z% P& i4 i E0 s/ R2 z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 1 F0 S3 {+ M1 D( W$ Y) S9 F0 f" g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % `3 }0 K# r/ }"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; - `/ H- e4 [! A4 ~, V* g& \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, * f0 Z+ [, A/ c( O& q1 e3 K9 A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, . r" S* ?6 p1 ?6 E! i2 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * c, g) |% ~) ~% R) v& J"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题- u2 l8 N @. a. } 12.0pt">; 1 |* M& n; V' z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 8 K* h/ `; ^$ P& i6 Y. l# _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求 h+ L: P- {# X# T# r- k" o12.0pt">: 8 J, E1 }! [8 U) ^# g9 H0 Q8 A9 R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 1 ^9 C3 g: J7 P3 I: O3 D8 b3 P0 |3 E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, # @, h* ]- e6 e4 J. o/ q9 Y: M6 pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, $ v' J9 c# X9 c+ u `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统% t5 M% E* P- L1 z% b6 r0 @+ ]! h8 |12.0pt">:

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) f3 ?! ^# k% r' D3 | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ! a* C- Z4 n, }5 h: j- T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 5 f& }* e0 `' F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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9 z, h9 }" B4 v0 ~8 P5 Q0 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, : y' E: J* D' _( G2 p$ P7 ]# m3 ]0 y2 X& afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' y1 A& X, f9 w; X2 \* ^6 ["Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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7 t: M+ g4 L% l+ z7 ?: F6 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, $ \& w1 p8 r4 ]. A$ b8 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ' b& t3 m$ I0 O: n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, # L. t, H9 u2 d, w6 Z$ ~. Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 A) E* K5 q: w5 n6 |; v7 }"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, F" i& ~& C! S+ r1 _5 i, }* s: U) H1 Y+ P. v3 ~! W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, " V" ?+ K$ \7 V2 w- L U/ j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - O5 n1 m5 E& r. k' l. b/ `4 j"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ) P2 X7 B: J0 |8 f" g1 Y+ Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ' J$ [: e! R# a9 j1 G0 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 2 p, c$ g1 ^: s9 k! J3 t. Z3 \, Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! x3 l& v( T* Z. L4 @"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, , m+ ?& Z! i2 D/ a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 6 M2 \% _$ G4 f. G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & r: |3 C- U- g0 h2 V/ g"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, % b/ G, M2 X" ]/ k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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9 I1 Y/ t' t6 Q6 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,: Q1 @. U `, \" C) A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & _* ^2 l( n" r6 x4 Y% \"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定( G' F) Z* q/ i12.0pt">, : _$ q0 m+ p- G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / c: I9 T! Y# H. r1 Q( o! _) p6 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! a# e$ E3 t8 o) k"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:3 C' M' g3 G# O) v: n9 G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ; U; z. p' y! N6 i6 R8 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, # P3 c8 S% P7 A( Y' w) m9 J; \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 e* Y7 L/ N" T8 X+ w"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 8 m4 x$ x+ z: ?0 C, D0 u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ; B+ Q. D6 k- x" O- d$ c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( y: c8 c' Z+ F, }"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 3 ^9 R2 @, O4 w( x1 E* f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 7 T6 H+ m! K9 T% @& h% S# a/ }9 ?0 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, . ^7 g& \5 E$ w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊